A New Design of Bionic Heart that Works Without a Pulse - 2015 - Dr. Daniel Timms

The device known as Bivacor designed by Australia, Brisbane engineer, Dr. Dr. Daniel Timms could work for 10 more years than current designs because of lack of wear and tear of parts.  It could be ready for human trials in three years.

Bionic Stomach

2013

Dannie's Bionic stomach story on BBC
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Danny Goodridge awaits bionic stomach - Cost 22,000 pounds
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-surrey-16515485

2009
Bionic stomach pace maker fitted successfully
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1221446/Woman-bionic-stomach-pacemaker-fitted-stop-sick-50-times-day.html

Cyborg is short of cybernetic organism.

It refers to a being with both, biological and artificial parts.

The term was first used by Mnfred Clynes and Nathan S. Kline in 1960

http://cyborganthropology.com/What_is_a_Cyborg%3F

Bionics - Brain Machine Interaction and Integration - Articles and Papers 2012

How to control a Prosthesis with your mind - Jose M Carmena
http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/~hma/Application.pdf

Eberhard Fetz - The Pioneer Researcher and Development Scholar in Bionics

1969
Operant Conditioning of Cortical Unit Activity
http://e.guigon.free.fr/rsc/article/Fetz69.pdf

2007
Compact Movable Microwave Array for Long-term Chronic Unit Recording in Cerebral Cortex of Primates
http://www.unifr.ch/inph/vclab/assets/files/PDFs/jackson.3109.pdf


2012
Research:
Bidirectional interactions between brain and implanted computers
http://www.cbi.cmu.edu/news/bioimaging/images/12_BioimagingDay_Poster_Keynote.pdf



The article by Jose M. Carmena (2012) mentioned that brain machine interface started more than 40 years ago at the University of Washington with the pioneering experiment in 1969 by Eberhard Fetz. In this experiment, electrodes were implanted in the brain of a monkey and it was seen that whenever a neuron was fired, an external  needle deflected. Observing this deflection and given an incentive of a food pellet, the monkey were able to increase the frequency of needle deflections. This experiment demonstrated that the brain can control a device external to the body.

Bionic Kidney

Bionic kidney.

Bonomini V.

Institute of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, St. Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy. vbonomini@libero.it


Abstract
Bionic Kidney is a project still in progress which aims at replacing all renal functions, which has been carried out in an ideal attempt to improve the overall results of Renal Replacement Therapy. It contains all the requisites for a complete rehabilitation from Uremia. As a futuristic mini-device implanted in the body, it should be a reliable support to Transplantation performance, considering the scarcity of kidney donors.

Artificial Cells Blood Substitutes and Immobilization  Biotechnology. 2003 May;31(2):105-10.


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12751827

Bionic Engineering - Introduction

What is Bionics?

"Bionics" is the study of living systems with the intention of applying their principles to the design of engineering systems.


Bionic engineering has become an interdisciplinary research area which integrates biology, materials science, mechanics, informatics, tribology, and other related subjects.
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The word bionic was coined by Jack E. Steele in 1958, possibly originating from the Greek word βίον, bíon, pronounced [bi:on] ("bee-on"), meaning unit of life and the suffix -ic, meaning like or in the manner of, hence like life. Some dictionaries, however, explain the word as being formed as a portmanteau from biology + electronics. It was popularized by the 1970s television series The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman, which were influenced by Steeles work, and feature humans given superhuman powers by electromechanical implants.

The transfer of technology discovered in lifeforms, according to proponents of bionic technology, desirable because evolutionary pressure typically forces living organisms, including fauna and flora, to become highly optimized and efficient. A classical example is the development of dirt- and water-repellent paint (coating) from the observation that the surface of the lotus flower plant is practically unsticky for anything (the lotus effect).

The term "biomimetic" is preferred when reference is made to chemical reactions. In that domain, biomimetic chemistry refers to reactions that, in nature, involve biological macromolecules (for example, enzymes or nucleic acids) whose chemistry can be replicated using much smaller molecules in vitro.

Examples of bionics in engineering include the hulls of boats imitating the thick skin of dolphins; sonar, radar, and medical ultrasound imaging imitating the echolocation of bats.

In the field of computer science, the study of bionics has produced artificial neurons, artificial neural networks, and swarm intelligence. Evolutionary computation was also motivated by bionics ideas but it took the idea further by simulating evolution in silico and producing well-optimized solutions that had never appeared in nature.

It is estimated by Julian Vincent, professor of biomimetics at the University of Baths department of mechanical engineering (Biomimetics group), that "at present there is only a 12% overlap between biology and technology in terms of the mechanisms used".

http://www.isbe-online.org/bionics.asp